Kashmir’s harshest 40 days of winter are here. Locally known as Chillai Kalan, temperatures in the Valley drop to as low as -5°C during this period. People in rural Kashmir start preparing for the rough weather as soon as autumn fades and winter signals its arrival. From igniting hamams to stocking hokh suen, the community hold on to traditional practices despite having modern alternatives.<img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/12/101RPT1511804/2.png" id="1542034" style="width: 100%;" title="">Hamams are communal places — usually there is one in each masjid — which are meant&nbsp; to keep the Valley's residents warm with the fire and conversations.&nbsp;Resembling a sauna, Kashmiri hamams allow for deep relaxation, reduce muscle tension and rejuvenate one’s body. Local hakims prescribe hamams to soothe muscle pain and ease rheumatism. A full-time caretaker known as hamami is appointed to run a mosque hamam.&nbsp; (Photo - Rouf Bhat)<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 1;"> </div><div style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.6;">Fighting the winter blues</div><div style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.6;">Introduced by the Mughals, hamams are rooms with thick rectangular limestone flooring, supported by columns of bricks and slate underneath. It is also packed with sand, bits of glass and crushed boulders to absorb and retain heat. The inside walls of hamam are lined with bricks and sealed with an adhesive. “Making hamam stone is an art. Not everyone can master it. We take a whole day to flatten just two pieces of marble rock, to turn it into that smooth hand-hewn hamam stone capable of bearing enormous amounts of heat,” Zahoor Ahmad Bhat, who belongs to a generation of stonemasons from Bandipora, beams with pride.</div><div class="embed-container" align="center" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.6;"><img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/12/101RPT1511804/1.png" id="1542035" style="width: 100%;" title=""></div>Firewood is placed in the room through a small iron door and the attached chimney outlet lets smoke out. A sizeable copper tank is installed above the fire, which is lit twice daily to heat water.<div class="embed-container" align="center" style="line-height: 1;"><img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/12/101RPT1511804/vertical_2.png" id="1542049" style="width: 100%;" title=""></div>The popularity of hamams continues unabated. “I bought every possible heating appliance in the last two years, but each of them failed. This pushed me to build a hamam costing almost Rs 1.5 lakh in my newly constructed home,” says Jabbar Mir, a businessman from Kupwara.&nbsp;Happy with this decision, he adds, “It is better to use wood to fuel hamams than electrical heating appliances because electricity does not last long. The facility also helps to develop and maintain a deeper bond among the 10 members of my family as everybody huddles together in a room.” (Photos - Rouf Bhat)<div class="embed-container" align="center"><img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/12/101RPT1511804/blue.png" id="1542135" style="width: 100%;" title=""></div>Unlike hamams, there are simple and easily accessible options like kangri to fight frigid winters. The traditional kangri (fire pot) is a portable heater filled with charcoal embers that Kashmiris keep inside their pheran (a traditional knee-length coat) during winter.&nbsp;"I have been making kangri for 15 years now. Scouring the jungle for the raw material to weave the wicker basket perfectly is a time-consuming process," says Javaid Khan, a kangri maker from Kupwara. Some people gather fallen branches, leaves and twigs, and burn them to make charcoal, while others buy it from the market. As pherans are losing popularity among the youth, it has consequently impacted the use of kangri (Photos - Rouf Bhat)<img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/12/101RPT1511804/kangri.png" id="1542140" style="width: 100%;"> Sun-kissed shades of hokh suen&nbsp;Snowclad landscapes, especially with winters of this intensity, also prevent access to fresh food. To adapt to this, Kashmiris use hukh suen (dried vegetables). People from Budgam, Bandipora, and upward sun-dry raw vegetables in summers and stock them for winters.&nbsp;<div class="embed-container" align="center" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.8;"><img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/12/101RPT1511804/rouf_photo_essay_3_sunkissed_veggies_(1).png" id="1542039" style="width: 100%;" title=""></div>"We start drying vegetables from September, sourcing fresh ones from our kitchen garden. After cutting and peeling, we sun-dry them in a wooden tray for at least 10 days. We also cover the tray with a piece of cloth to keep out insects and sprinkle salt to ward off fungus. Salt helps to drain excess water, too," explains Saida Begum, a housewife from Kupwara (Photos - Rouf Bhat)<div style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.8;"><img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/12/101RPT1511804/5.png" id="1542038" style="color: rgb(99, 99, 99); width: 100%;" title=""></div><div style="text-align: center; line-height: 1;">Bottle gourds are peeled and cut into round slices or long thin strips and spread over wooden or plastic trays to dry. Round slices are usually threaded in long garlands and hung on the front walls in sunlight. Fresh tomatoes are sliced cross-shaped to make ruwangan hachi,&nbsp;deep fried cottage cheese cooked with sun dried tomatoes, spices (Photos - Rouf Bhat)&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: center; line-height: 1;"> </div><div style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.8;"><img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/12/101RPT1511804/4.png" id="1542037" style="color: rgb(99, 99, 99); width: 100%;"></div><div class="embed-container" align="center">Various varieties of hokh suen, including dried tomatoes, bottle gourd, brinjal, turnip slices and spinach, have medicinal and religious significance. On auspicious occasions like herath, dishes are prepared for both Kashmir Muslims and Pandits.&nbsp;Dried bottle gourd is considered beneficial for cough and the common cold, hooch hand (dried dandelion) for increasing haemoglobin levels in new mothers, and bumb (dried water lily rhizome) for arthritis. Besides providing the body with much-needed heat, they also have high fibre, thus providing relief from constipation (Photos - Rouf Bhat)</div>Al’e hach is commonly cooked with bottle gourd as its base, together with onion, meat, fava beans and dried tomato and/or dried brinjal. The dried turnips are boiled for a few minutes, before they are fried and stewed with lamb, chicken, cottage cheese or pulses. Even dried brinjal is soaked in hot water before being fried and cooked, commonly with moong dal.&nbsp;Tomato serves two important purposes in Kashmiri cuisine: flavour and colour. Many people also grind dried tomatoes into a powder to use it in curries.For many, it is really hard to imag﻿ine a snowy day without a properly heated room and hokh suen delicacies on their plates. Cover photo by Rouf BhatEdited by Khwaish Gupta