Encroachment of commons&nbsp;and disposal of farm&nbsp;effluents hamper cultivation of
seaweed and agriculture, further marginalising vulnerable coastal women. Ramanathapuram, Tamil
Nadu: Women engaged in activities ancillary to fishing in the coastal areas of
Tamil Nadu are losing their livelihoods due to the rising salinity of water and
encroachment of commons by aquaculture farms.<o:p></o:p>Fisherwomen belonging to the
marginalised caste groups of Mutharaiyar and Kadayar make ends meet by
harvesting natural seaweed such as Gelidiella (known in Tamil as <span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Marikkoḻuntu pāci), cultivating seaweed, mostly
Kappaphycus, collecting seashells and engaging in small-scale cultivation, besides rearing of
livestock and fishing in inshore waters.<o:p></o:p>During the favourable
season (November to February) for Kappaphycus, a fisherwoman may earn up to Rs
500 a day, while ancillary activities may
fetch anywhere between Rs 150 and Rs 200.For these women to continue these activities and contribute economically to their families, safety at worksites, uninterrupted access to the seashore, unpolluted inshore waters and availability of potable water are paramount. The locals blame the aquaculture farms for the rise in salinity, both in their lands as well as household wells, thus polluting the water used for agricultural purposes.The lack of capital, both
its availability and access, has prevented these communities from investing in aquaculture
farms and mechanised fisheries. Hence, they fish in the inshore waters using
passive fishing gears and small rafts.Nirmala from Ariyankundu hamlet
in Pamban Island of Ramanathapuram said, “We used to cultivate grains on these
lands seasonally, but lack of rain, poor agricultural returns and increase in value
of real estate made a few locals sell their lands to aquaculture farm owners.
The rise in soil salinity forced several others to give up their lands to these
farms.”The struggles of
fisherwomen, however, is not recent. Kalpana Ram, in her 1992 book&nbsp;Mukkuvar
Women,&nbsp;argued that fisheries have prevented women from directly
accessing resources at sea and they can be engaged only in ancillary activities
such as fish vending, fish curing, and net mending.In the last few decades, modernisation of fisheries, including the introduction of trawlers and the development
of coastal areas, have alienated the fisherwomen from their traditional sources
of livelihood. In the book&nbsp;Sengeni, author Amidhavalli&nbsp;pointed
out that fisherwomen in Puducherry are gradually moving away from
fishing-related activities and working as housemaids and daily wage labourers.From hope to despair<o:p></o:p>In the early years of aquafarms, many believed that these
farms would provide them with employment opportunities. In the late 1990s, these
farms indeed accommodated local labourers. At the time of preparation of ponds
for cultivation and during shrimp harvest, a farm owner may employ about 50 to
60 locals, both men and women, for three to four weeks. <o:p></o:p>In addition, a farm owner
may employ four to five local men on a regular basis to look after shrimp
production. These opportunities in a way quelled the initial protests against
aquaculture farms, which were taking root in coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry and Andhra Pradesh. There was an organised movement by farming and fishing communities against commercial shrimp farms which culminated in the&nbsp;famous case, S Jagannath vs Union of India, where the Supreme Court passed orders highlighting the social and ecological impacts of commercial shrimp farms.&nbsp; <div class="embed-container" align="center"><img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/8/101RPT1409400/3_1.jpg" id="1436996" title="" style="width: 100%;"></div>(Above) PVC pipes that pump water from and into the ocean; (Below) The wastewater post shrimp harvest is released into the sea and local freshwater sources (Photos:&nbsp;Prabhakar Jayaprakash)<div class="embed-container" align="center"><img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/8/101RPT1409400/4_1.jpg" id="1436997" title="" style="width: 100%;"></div> Within a year or two of
the introduction of P. Vannamei, a Pacific white shrimp, in 2009, the number of
aquaculture farms started proliferating. The frequent disease outbreaks and
heavy financial loss led farmers to stop the cultivation of P. Monodon (tiger
prawn) and switch to P. Vannamei. The introduction of automation in earthworks, new kinds of fishing nets and influx of cheap migrant labourers
from West Bengal and Odisha altered the entire process of production. Gradually, the number of locals being employed by these farms began to
decrease. According to Murugesan,
the effluents that were drained into
the inshore waters after the shrimp harvest are&nbsp;affecting the growth of Kappaphycus. The aquaculture farms in Pamban Island use
seawater for fish culture and have laid pipes on seashores to pump water into the shrimp ponds. The untreated
wastewater from the farms is normally&nbsp;let out back into the sea. During the 'rough' season, i.e.&nbsp;the Northeast monsoon when the weather is windy and storms set in with big waves,&nbsp;it is released into the stormwater lake, locally called the Pancha Kalyani.&nbsp;Balarajan, a small-scale
farmer and livestock worker, told 101Reporters&nbsp;that the effluents destroyed the edible vegetation, including shrubs, coconut
trees and palm trees, and contaminated made the Pancha Kalyani.
Since this waterbody is an important aquifer here, potable water in household
wells has also turned saline. <o:p></o:p><a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ground-water-pollution-due-to-aquaculture-in-east-Putheti-Okigbo/935549266e095ed8e55d367546afd8ebdc59ebf3" target="_blank">Studies</a> have shown how artificial inputs in the form of fertilisers, feed and drugs, which are given for optimal growth of shrimp, are washed away into the canals as effluents during harvest; the large amounts of wastewater discharge pose a grave threat to the coastal ecosystem and the groundwater.Moreover, in order to pump
seawater for cultivation, many aquaculture farms&nbsp;illegally&nbsp;encroached the seashore to construct
pump rooms and instal PVC pipes.Regulatory issues left
unaddressed<o:p></o:p>In May this year, a fisherwoman was
raped and murdered in Vadakadu village of Pamban Island, allegedly by two
migrant workers of an aquaculture farm.&nbsp;A few days before the incident, the workers had passed lewd comments at the victim when she was working alone. She had shared this unpleasant experience with a few of her close women relatives. After the crime,&nbsp;locals retaliated by ransacking the
farm and soon several irregularities started to emerge.&nbsp; <div class="embed-container" align="center"><img src="https://assets.ramen.101reporters.com/inpic/2022/8/101RPT1409400/2_2.jpg" id="1436998" title="" style="width: 100%;"></div>An aquafarm motor room within the high tide line, which is against the Coastal Aquacutlure Authority regulations (Photo:&nbsp;Prabhakar Jayaprakash) Karunamoorthy, a local leader of Tamil Nadu Fish
Workers Federation (CITU), said the island has over 100 aquaculture farms. “Many
are functioning without proper licences. It was only after the gruesome
incident that the fisheries and revenue departments found out that the farm in
question was operating without a proper licence under the Coastal Aquaculture
Authority Act, 2005,” he said.<o:p></o:p>Saravanan, an expert in the mapping of coastal
commons, said as per section 13(8)(a)(b) of the Coastal Aquaculture
Authority Act, 2005, these farms should not be located within 200m of the High
Tide Line (HTL). <o:p></o:p>“This particular farm is located 30m from the HTL
and its motor room is located within the HTL. Fisherwomen often come into
conflicts with those representing farms with the latter accusing them of
encroaching upon areas owned by farms,” Saravanan explained.<o:p></o:p>Fisherwoman Lakshmi (name changed on request) told
101Reporters&nbsp;that the representatives
of the farm in question had&nbsp;threatened these women against trespassing and, on another occasion, they forcefully removed the thatched huts that these women use while mending nets, working on rafts, eating food and resting during hot afternoons. The farm had&nbsp;claimed that a portion of the inshore waters was&nbsp; part of its
patta.&nbsp;“Since we had no means to verify that claim, we just withdrew,” she
added.&nbsp;Rameswaram Municipal Chairman K E Naazarkhan said the
municipality has passed a resolution on June 22, 2022,&nbsp;asking the state government to
close down all aquaculture farms in the area and not issue fresh licences.<o:p></o:p>“The proliferation of aquaculture farms has contaminated
potable groundwater. Also, the import of migrant labourers to the region is creating
security concerns,” he explained why such a resolution became necessary.Meanwhile, Shalini (name changed on request), a friend and colleague of the victim is still reeling from the shock of what transpired in their own backyard.&nbsp;“We don’t feel safe now to access seashore and inshore waters alone,” she remarked.&nbsp; 











































































Edited by
Rashmi Guha Ray<o:p></o:p>